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Soviet calendar
The Soviet calendar added five- and six-day work weeks between 1929 and 1940 to the Gregorian calendar adopted by Russia in 1918. Although the traditional seven-day week was still recognized, a day of rest on Sunday was replaced by one day of rest in each work week. Many sources erroneously state that the weeks were organized into 30-day months.
== Five-day weeks ==
From the autumn of 1929 until the summer of 1931, each ''Gregorian calendar year'' was usually divided into 72 five-day weeks (=360 days), three of which were split into two partial weeks by five national holidays. The two parts of each split week still totaled five days—the one or two national holidays that split it were not part of that week. Each day of the five-day week was labeled by either one of five colors or a Roman numeral from I to V. Each worker was assigned a color or number to identify his or her day of rest.
Eighty per cent of each factory's workforce was at work every day (except holidays) in an attempt to increase production while 20% were resting. But if a husband and wife, and their relatives and friends, were assigned different colors or numbers, they would not have a common rest day for their family and social life. Furthermore, machines broke down more frequently both because they were used by workers not familiar with them, and because no maintenance could be performed on machines that were never idle in factories with continuous schedules (24 hours/day every day). Five-day weeks (and later six-day weeks) "made it impossible to observe Sunday as a day of rest. This measure was deliberately introduced 'to facilitate the struggle to eliminate religion'".〔Nicolas Werth, ''The Black Book of Communism'' (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1999) 172.〕
The colors vary depending on the source consulted. The 1930 color calendar displayed here has days of purple, blue, yellow, red, and green, in that order beginning .〔Clive Foss, "Stalin's topsy-turvy work week", ''History Today'' 54/9 (September 2004) 46–47.〕 Blue was supported by an anonymous writer in 1936 as the second day of the week, but he stated that red was the first day of the week.〔The Riga correspondent of the London Times, "Russian experiments", ''Journal of Calendar Reform'' 6 (1936) 69–71.〕 However, most sources replace blue with either or peach,〔Eviatar Zerubavel, "The Soviet five-day ''Nepreryvka''", ''The seven day circle'' (New York: Free press, 1985) 35–43.〕 all of which specify the different order yellow, pink/orange/peach, red, purple, and green. The partial 1930 black and white calendar from Kingsbury and Fairchild (1935) displayed here does not conform to any of these because its red day is the fifth day of the week, which even disagrees with their own statement that red was the third day of the week.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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